Gas Metering

ABSTRACT

A gas meter comprises a conduit for passage of a gas flow and an ionizer to ionize the gas flow. A modulating electrode structure downstream of the ionizer modulates the ion distribution in the ionized gas flow. A first and a second electrode structure downstream of the modulating electrode structure detect the ion distribution in the ionized gas flow. The modulating electrode structure and the detecting electrode structure can generate an electrical field parallel to the direction of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure and the detecting electrode structures can each have apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure can capture ions of one polarity to generate an ionized gas flow comprising a majority of ions of the opposite polarity. Movement of the ionized gas flow generates a current indicative of the ion distribution between the electrode and the charge source.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of volumetric gas metering. The gasmetering technology described herein is particularly suited for use in aresidential utility gas meter.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The most common form of volumetric residential gas meter is thediaphragm gas meter. This is a mechanical device working on the positivedisplacement principle, allowing a fixed volume of gas through percomplete cycle. Mechanical meters are subject to wear in normaloperation, which leads to increasing inaccuracy with time, and theeventual possibility of complete failure. The increasing prevalence ofautomatic meter reading (AMR) means that very often some form of encodermust be interfaced to the mechanical readout, in order to be able toread, the consumption information automatically.

It is desirable to provide a gas meter that contains no moving parts,i.e. a static gas meter, in which a measurement of the volume of gasconsumed is available directly in an electronic form. Other benefitsfollow from such an implementation, including the ability to set morecomplex tariffs based on time of use, peak demand, or local variationsin gas pricing, or the ability to share information with otherresidential energy sources such as electricity, oil or renewable energysources.

Three types of static volumetric gas meters have been developed. Thefirst is the ultrasonic dm-of-flight meter, which is availablecommercially for niche applications that can bear the high cost of thiskind of meter. The second known technology is the thermal mass-flowmeter, which is a relatively new addition to the field, and uses abypass method and a micro-machined sensor. The third type is a fluidicoscillator meter, which was developed in the 1950's. All of thesemetering technologies share the disadvantage they are more expensivethan mechanical meters, and require significant battery power, whichalso increases the cost.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,106 (Brain) describes a meter for measuring thevelocity of gas in a duct. The meter has an ion source and two ioncollectors, so that gas in the duct is first ionized and then passes thecollectors. A voltage pulse is applied to the first collector and theinterval between this pulse and the resulting effect in the number ofions collected at the second collector is measured to give gas velocity.Gas density is measured by determining the number of ions collectedbetween pulses at the second collector, and mass flow is obtained fromthe product of velocity and density. In this system, the voltage pulseapplied to the first collector is a 100 Hz square wave and a voltage of120 volts is applied across the second collector. The high voltage andhigh modulation frequency make this design unsuitable for low-voltagebattery-powered operation required by a domestic meter. Otherconfigurations of ionisation velocity gas meters are described in U.S.Pat. No. 3,842,670 and U.S. Pat. No. 2,632,326.

It would be desirable to provide a gas meter of the general typedescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,106 (Brain), which would be capable offunctioning with an operating voltage of a few volts, so that the metercould be powered economically by standard batteries. With the meteringgeometry described by Brain, however, it is essential that theelectrodes of the collectors are spaced sufficiently that the collectorspresent little or no impedance to gas flow. Thus, an operating voltagein excess of one hundred volts is required to provide a sufficientlylarge electric field at the collectors for the meter to function. Forthe same electric field to be generated with an operating voltage ofonly a few volts, the duct in which the Brain meter is mounted wouldneed to be one hundred times smaller in diameter, which wouldsignificantly impede the flow of a domestic gas supply.

This invention, at least in its preferred embodiments, seeks to providean improved volumetric gas meter operating on the principle of theelectrical manipulation and detection of an ionised gas stream, usingthe underlying principle that the velocity field of the gas interactswith the ionisation distribution, and alters the detected signals. Inparticular embodiments, the gas meter is especially suitable formetering of gas usage from a national or regional supply network.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, viewed from one aspect this invention provides a gas metercomprising a conduit for passage of a gas flow and an ioniser arrangedto ionise the gas flow in the conduit, in use. A modulating electrodestructure downstream of the ioniser is arranged for modulating the iondistribution in the ionised flow. At least a first detecting electrodestructure downstream of the modulating electrode structure is arrangedfor detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. Atleast one of the modulating electrode structure and the detectingelectrode structure is configured to generate an electrical field havingat least a substantial component parallel to the direction of the gasflow.

Thus, according to the invention, an electrode structure generates anelectric field having so at least a substantial component parallel tothe direction of the gas flow. By arranging the electric field parallel,rather than perpendicular, to the direction of gas flow as is the casein the prior art, the electric field strength can be adjusted bychanging the spacing between electrodes of the electrode structure, andthis change of spacing need not affect the gas flow through the conduit.In this way, the fluid dynamic requirements of the gas meter can be madeindependent of the electrical requirements and this allows a gas meterto be created that can operate at sufficiently low voltages for use as adomestic gas meter.

The modulating electrode structure may be configured to generate anelectrical field having at least a substantial component parallel to thedirection of the gas flow, for so example to select a particularpolarity of ion for the downstream ionised gas flow. Alternatively or inaddition, the detecting electrode structure may be configured togenerate an electrical field having at least a substantial componentparallel to the direction of the gas flow, for example to detectselectively a particular polarity of ion.

In particular embodiments, the generated electrical field issubstantially parallel to the direction of the gas flow. However, thisis not essential. For example, the electric field may include acomponent substantially parallel to the direction of the gas flow, aswell as a component substantially perpendicular to the direction of thegas flow.

The modulating electrode structure and/or the detecting electrodestructure may take any suitable shape and configuration. For example,the electrode structures may be arcuate, semi cylindrical,hemispherical, etc. In a typical embodiment, however, the modulatingelectrode structure comprises a pair of opposed substantially planarelectrodes arranged substantially perpendicularly to the direction ofthe gas flow. Alternatively or in addition, the detecting electrodestructure may comprise a pair of opposed substantially planar electrodesarranged substantially perpendicularly to the direction of the gas flow,A “pair” of electrodes does not imply that the electrodes are identical,even though they may be.

In general, the electrodes are spaced in the direction of the gas flow.The spacing of the electrodes may be less than 1 mm, preferably lessthan 025 mm. Typically, the electric field is generated between theelectrodes, in use.

In a preferred embodiment, the electrodes each have a plurality ofapertures defined therein for passage of the gas flow therethrough.

This in itself is believed to be a novel configuration. Thus, viewedfrom a further aspect this invention provides a gas meter comprising aconduit for passage of a gas flow, in use, and an ioniser arranged toionise the gas flow in the conduit, in use. A modulating electrodestructure downstream of the ioniser is arranged for modulating the iondistribution in the ionised gas flow. At least a first detectingelectrode structure downstream of the modulating electrode structure isarranged for detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gasflow. At least one of the modulating electrode structure and thedetecting electrode structure comprises at least one electrode arrangedtransversely to the direction of gas flow and having a plurality ofapertures defined therein for passage of the gas flow therethrough. Thenumber of apertures may be in excess of ten.

Thus, according to this aspect of the invention, the electrode isconfigured to allow the gas flow to pass through the electrode. In thismay, the electrode can be positioned to achieve the desired electricalor electromagnetic effect without adversely affecting the flow of gasthrough the meter.

The electrode is arranged transversely to the direction of gas flow.This means that the electrode is not parallel to the direction of gasflow. Thus, the gas flow impinges on the electrode to some extent.Typically, the electrode is arranged perpendicularly to the direction ofgas flow. In this way, the electrical modulation or detection of theionised gas flow occurs in the shortest possible distance along theconduit, such that the spatial resolution, and hence detection accuracy,of the gas meter is maximised. Furthermore, a perpendicular electrodedoes not tend to deflect the gas flow towards the walls of the conduit.

The electrode may comprise a plurality of conductors, with the aperturesprovided by the spaces between adjacent conductors. The conductors neednot be formed in a single unit, but may be provided by discreteconductors. However, the conductors of one electrode are all connectedto the same electrical potential, in use. Thus, the electrode may takethe form of an arrangement of wires, for example parallel wires.Alternatively, the electrode may take the form a single piece, typicallyof metal, having the apertures formed therein. The apertures may bemoulded, cut, etched, stamped or otherwise defined in the metal. Theapertures may be holes, slots, perforations or any other suitableaperture.

In the preferred arrangement, the electrodes are in the form of a meshor grid. Typically, the grid is a regular array of apertures definedbetween adjacent conductors. The array may extend in one dimension, forexample a grid of parallel slots, or two dimensions, for example a gridof horizontal and vertical conductors.

The pitch of the mesh may be selected to maximise the electricaleffectiveness of the electrode. In embodiments of the invention, thepitch of the mesh is less than 5 mm, preferably less than 3 mm. The fillfactor for the mesh is desirably as small as possible to ensure maximumflow. In, embodiments of the invention, the fill factor of the mesh isless than 30%, preferably less than 20%. In general, the construction ofthe electrodes for the modulating electrode structure and the detectingelectrode structure is selected to maximise modulation or detectionefficiency. However, for reasons of manufacturing expediency, forexample, the electrodes may be chosen to be identical.

In embodiments of the invention, the gas meter comprises a pair ofelectrodes arranged transversely to the direction of as flow and havinga plurality of apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flowtherethrough. Typically, the electrodes are identical, but this is notessential.

The apertures in one electrode of the pair may be offset in a directiontransverse to the direction of gas flow relative to the apertures in theother electrode of the pair. This arrangement is particularlyadvantageous, because the electric field between the electrodes caninclude a component in the direction perpendicular to the plane of theelectrodes. This is particularly advantageous where the electrodes arethe modulating electrodes, because a component of the electric field inthe direction perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes assists indirecting ions towards the electrodes for capture and thereforeincreases the modulation effectiveness of the electrode structure.

The pair of electrodes may be spaced in the direction of gas flow.Alternatively, the electrodes may be substantially coplanar. Forexample, the conductors of one electrode may be located in the spaces(apertures) between the conductors of the other electrode. In otherwords, the electrodes may be interdigitated. With an arrangement of thiskind, the electric field generated by the electrode structure may beentirely perpendicular to the direction of gas flow.

In a preferred embodiment, the offset between the apertures ofrespective electrodes of the pair is substantially equal to half thespacing between adjacent apertures of one of the electrodes. In thisway, any component of the electric field in the direction perpendicularto the plane of the electrodes is maximised.

The modulating electrode structure may comprise an upstream electrodeand a downstream electrode. A respective modulating potential may beapplied, in use to each electrode to modulate the ion distribution inthe ionised gas flow. The modulating potential applied to the downstreamelectrode may be of the opposite polarity to the modulating potentialapplied to the upstream electrode and of a magnitude selected such that,downstream of the modulating electrode structure, the electric field dueto the upstream electrode is cancelled by the electric field due to thedownstream electrode.

This in itself is believed to be a novel configuration. Thus, viewedfrom a further aspect this invention provides a gas meter comprising aconduit for passage of a gas flow, in use and an ioniser arranged toionise the gas flow in the conduit, in use. A modulating electrodestructure downstream of the ioniser is arranged for modulating the iondistribution in the ionised gas flow. At least a first detectingelectrode structure downstream of the modulating electrode structure isarranged for detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gasflow. The modulating electrode structure comprises an upstream electrodeand a downstream electrode, and a respective modulating potentialapplied, in use, to each electrode to modulate the ion distribution inthe ionised gas flow. The modulating potential applied to the downstreamelectrode is of the opposite polarity to the modulating potentialapplied to the upstream electrode and of a magnitude selected such that,downstream of the modulating electrode structure, the electric field dueto the upstream electrode is cancelled by the electric field due to thedownstream electrode.

With this arrangement, the modulating potentials can be used to ensurethat the electric fields associated with the modulating electrodestructure do not affect directly the operation of the detectingelectrode structure.

The modulating electrode structure may be arranged to capturepreferentially ions of one polarity, whereby to generate an ionised gasflow comprising a majority of ions of the opposite polarity. Analternating modulating potential may be applied to the modulatingelectrode structure so that the modulating electrode structure capturessequentially ions of one polarity and subsequently the oppositepolarity, whereby to generate an ionised gas flow comprising a sequenceof regions having a majority of ions of alternating polarity. In thisway, the gas flow is encoded with an alternating signal. A comparison ofthe delay between the signal received at the detecting electrodestructure and the modulating potential provides an indication of the gasflow rate through the conduit.

The detecting electrode structure may comprise at least one electrodeconnected to a source of charge, whereby movement of the ionised gasflow having a majority of ions of one polarity relative to the electrodecauses a redistribution of charge in the electrode, which generates acurrent indicative of the ion distribution between the electrode and thecharge source.

This in itself is believed to be a novel configuration. Thus, viewedfrom a further aspect this invention provides a meter comprising aconduit for passage of a gas flow, in use and an ioniser arranged toionise the gas flow in the conduit, in use. A modulating electrodestructure downstream of the ioniser is arranged for modulating the iondistribution in the ionised flow. At least a first detecting electrodestructure downstream of the modulating electrode structure is arm fordetecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. Themodulating electrode structure is arranged to capture ions of onepolarity, whereby to generate an ionised gas flow comprising a majorityof ions of the opposite polarity. The detecting electrode structurecomprises at least one electrode connected to a source of charge,whereby, in use, movement of the ionised flow having a majority of ionsof one polarity relative to the electrode causes a redistribution ofcharge in the electrode, which generates a current indicative of the iondistribution between the electrode and the charge source. Typically, thesource of charge is ground potential.

According to this aspect of the invention, the detecting electrodestructure detects the passing ionised gas flow, which may be ofalternating polarity, by virtue of the current generated due to theredistribution of charge in electrode structure. This has thesignificant advantage, that an electric field is not required betweenthe electrodes of a detecting electrode structure. Furthermore,detection is achieved without capturing ions such that a series of suchdetecting electrode structures may be arranged along the conduit.

In this arrangement, it is possible for the detecting electrodestructure to comprise only a single electrode, which is responsive tothe passing ionised gas flow. However, in a particular embodiment, thedetecting electrode structure comprises an upstream electrode and adownstream electrode, each connected to a source of charge. The upstreamelectrode shields the downstream electrode from the approaching ionisedgas flow and provides a better-defined detection signal from thedownstream electrode.

The gas meter may comprise a second detecting electrode structuredownstream of the first detecting electrode structure, each detectingelectrode structure arranged for detecting the modulated iondistribution in the ionised gas flow.

This in itself is believed to be a novel configuration. Thus, viewedfrom a further aspect this invention provides a meter comprising aconduit for passage of a gas flow, in use and an ioniser arranged toionise the gas flow in the conduit, in use. A modulating electrodestructure downstream of the ioniser is arranged for modulating the iondistribution in the ionised gas flow. A first detecting electrodestructure downstream of the modulating electrode structure is arrangedfor detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow. Asecond detecting electrode structure downstream of the modulatingelectrode structure arranged for detecting the modulated iondistribution in the ionised gas flow.

The provision of a second detecting electrode structure can be used toincrease the dynamic range of gas meter. Thus, the first detectingelectrode structure may be arranged to detect the ion distribution atrelatively low flow rates and the second detecting electrode structuremay be arranged to detect the ion distribution at higher flow rates whenthe ion cloud will travel further during the same time period. Inparticular embodiments, the distance from the modulating electrodestructure to the first detecting electrode structure may be less than 10mm. In particular embodiments, the distance from the modulatingelectrode structure to the second detecting electrode structure may beso greater than 50 mm. Typically, the distance from the modulatingelectrode structure to the second detecting electrode structure is lessthan 100 mm.

The first detecting electrode structure may be arranged to capturepreferentially ions of one polarity and the second detecting electrodestructure may be arranged to capture preferentially ions of the oppositepolarity. In this arrangement, the first detecting electrode structureselectively captures one polarity of ions, while the second detectingelectrode structure selectively captures the other polarity. In thisway, each detecting electrode structure receives its own independent ionstream for detection and the signal at the second detecting electrodestructure is not diminished by the operation of the first detectingelectrode structure. In this way both detecting electrode structure canoperate on the same ion stream.

The first detecting electrode structure may comprise a pair of spacedelectrodes. An electric field may be applied between the electrodes, inuse, to capture ions from the ionised gas flow and generate a currentindicative of the ion distribution. Alternatively or in addition, thesecond detecting electrode structure may comprise a pair of spacedelectrodes, and an electric field may be applied between the electrodes,in use, to capture ions from the ionised gas flow and generate a currentindicative of the ion distribution.

The gas meter may comprise more than two detecting electrode structures,if desired.

In typical embodiments of the invention, the modulating voltage appliedto the modulating electrode structure is at a frequency of less than 10Hz. Similarly, the modulating voltage applied to the modulatingelectrode structure is generally less than 10 volts A.C. Furthermore,the voltage applied to the detecting electrode structure, if any, isgenerally less than 10 volts D.C. With these operating parameters, thegas meter is suited to battery-powered operation.

The gas meter according to the invention is suited to use as a domesticutility gas meter. By this is meant a gas meter that can be connected toa national, regional or international gas supply network at a user'spremises and is sufficiently accurate to provide information on a user'sgas usage to the network operator for billing purposes. However, the gasmeter according to the invention may be used in other circumstances tomeasure gas volume, flow rate and/or velocity.

In embodiments of the invention, the ioniser is a radioactive source.However, other ionisers could be used, for examples ioniser operating byelectrical discharge.

The conduit is typically a tube, which may have a circularcross-section. In embodiments of the invention, the width (diameter) ofthe tube is less than 30 mm.

Although the invention has been defined in terms of a gas meter, theinvention extends to a method of gas metering and to means for gasmetering as described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of exampleonly and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a gas meter according to a firstembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 shows a mesh electrode for use in gas meters according to theinvention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a gas meter according to a secondembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of the modulating voltage appliedto the modulating electrode structure of the gas meter of FIG. 3.

Corresponding reference numerals are used for corresponding parts in thevarious embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 shows schematically a gas meter according ton first embodiment ofthe invention. The gas meter comprises a conduit 1 for passage of a gasflow, indicated by the arrow A. In this embodiment, the conduit is acylindrical tube with an internal diameter of 23 mm. An ioniser 2 isarranged in the side of the tube 1 to ionise the gas flow in theconduit. In this embodiment, the ioniser 2 is a 1 μCi Americium 241radioactive source trapped within silver or gold foil, of the type usedin household smoke detectors. The source 2 typically has a emission rateof 37,000 alpha particles per second with a range of 3 cm in air. Theionisation efficiency is 200,000 ion pairs per alpha particle, with 50%recombination within 100 ms. The radiation source 2 ionises the gas inits immediate vicinity to form an ionisation cloud 3, which is carriedthrough the tube 1 by the gas flow.

A modulating electrode structure 4 is provided in the tube 1 downstreamof the radiation source 2. The modulating electrode structure 4modulates the ion distribution in the ionised flow, so that theionisation cloud is identifiable downstream of the modulating electrodestructure 4. In this embodiment, the modulating electrode structure 4comprises an upstream electrode 5 and a downstream electrode 6. As shownin FIG. 2, each electrode 5, 6 is in the form of a mesh (or grid) cut bya suitable method from sheet metal. The diameter of the electrodes 5, 6corresponds to the internal diameter of the tube 1 and the electrodesare arranged perpendicularly to the axis of the tube 1, and hence thedirection of gas flow. The electrodes 5, 6 have a thickness of 0.2 mmand a pitch p of 1 mm or less. The fill factor of the electrodes (areapercentage of the mesh material) is 20% or less.

In this embodiment, the spacing between the upstream modulator electrode5 and the downstream modulator electrode 6 is 0.125 mm. As indicated inFIG. 1, a varying modulation voltage is applied between the modulatorelectrodes 5, 6. The modulation voltage is a square wave with amplitudeof up to 10 volts and a frequency of 1 to 4 hertz. The appliedmodulating voltage generates an electric field between the modulatorelectrodes 5, 6. As shown in FIG. 1, the meshes of the upstreammodulator electrode 5 and the downstream modulator electrode 6 arerelatively offset by an amount equal to half the pitch of the mesh, suchthat the conductors 7 between the spaces of one electrode are wed withthe spaces of the other electrode and vice versa. In this way, theelectric field between the modulator electrodes 5, 6 has the maximumcomponent in the direction perpendicular to the direction of gas flow(axis of the tube 1). Ideally, the conductors 7 of each electrode 5, 6would be interleaved between the conductors of the other electrode inthe same plane perpendicular to the direction of gas flow, so that theelectric field between the two electrodes 5, 6 is entirely perpendicularto the direction of gas flow. However, such an arrangement leads to amodulating electrode structure 4 that is very complex and thereforedifficult and expensive to manufacture. By spacing the electrodes 3, 6in the direction of gas flow and offsetting the meshes, a compromise isstack between manufacturing ease and operational efficiency.

When the modulating voltage applied between the modulator electrodes 5,6 is non-zero, the generated electric field directs the positive andnegative ions in the ion cloud 3 towards respective modulator electrodes5, 6 where they are captured. The high component of the electric fieldin the direction perpendicular to the direction of gas flow maximisesthe deviation of the ions towards the respective modulator electrodes 5,6. The effect of the periodic modulating voltage is to generate in thegas flow downstream of the modulating electrode structure 4 sequentialregions of high and to ion density. These regions can be detected todetermine the time of flight of the regions and hence the flow rate ofthe gas, as described below.

The gas meter of FIG. 1 comprises a first detecting electrode structure8 and a second detecting electrode structure 9 in the tube 1 downstreamof the modulating electrode structure 4 to detect the modulated iondistribution in the ionised gas flow. The second electrode structure 9is located downstream of the first detecting electrode structure 8. Inthis embodiment, the first and second detecting electrode structures 8,9, each comprise an upstream electrode 10 and a downstream electrode 11.Each electrode 10, 11 has the general form of a mesh (or grid) cut by asuitable method from sheet metal, as shown in FIG. 2. The diameter ofthe electrodes 10, 11 corresponds to the internal diameter of the tube 1and the electrodes 10, 11 are arranged perpendicularly to the axis ofthe tube 1, and hence the direction of gas flow. The electrodes 10, 11have a thickness of 0.2 mm and a pitch p of 2 mm. The fill factor of theelectrodes (area percentage of the mesh material) is 10% or less.

In this embodiment, the spacing between the upstream detector electrode10 and the downstream detector electrode 11 is 0.125 mm. As shown inFIG. 1, the meshes of the upstream detector electrode 10 and thedownstream detector electrode 11 are aligned. In this way, the electricfield between the detector electrodes 10, 11 has the maximum componentin the direction parallel to the direction of gas flow (axis of the tube1). In this way, the electric field strength between the detectorelectrodes 10, 11 can be varied by varying the spacing of the electrodes10, 11, without affecting the fluid flow through the conduit 1.

As indicated in FIG. 1, a detection voltage is applied between thedetector electrodes 10, 11. In this embodiment the detection voltage isa constant voltage of +3 volts D.C., which generates an electric fieldbetween the detector electrodes 10, 11. For the first detectingelectrode structure 8, the upstream detecting electrode 10 is connectedto earth potential and the downstream detecting electrode 11 isconnected to +3 volts D.C. For the second detecting electrode structure9, the downstream detecting electrode 11 is connected to earth potentialand the upstream detecting electrode 10 is connected to +3 volts D.C.Thus, the direction of the electric field between the detectorelectrodes 10, 11 of the second detecting electrode structure 9 isreversed relative to that of the first detecting electrode structure 8.

It will be seen that the downstream electrode 11 of the first detectingelectrode structure 8 and the upstream electrode 10 of the seconddetecting electrode structure 9 are both at the same potential.Consequently, there is no electric field between these two electrodes,such that ion transport between these electrodes is due only to the gasflow and not to electrical effects, which assists in accurate flowmeasurement. It is also possible for the downstream electrode 6 of themodulating electrode structure 4 and the upstream electrode 10 of thefirst detecting electrode structure 9 to both be at the same (earth)potential, such that there is no electric field between these twoelectrodes.

The first detecting electrode structure 8 preferentially capturespositive ions, which are decelerated by the electric field between thepositive downstream electrode 11 and the earthed upstream electrode 10.The same electric field acts to accelerate negative ions which passthrough the first detecting electrode structure 8. The slowed positiveions which reach the earthed upstream electrode 10 are neutralised byelectrons drawn as a current from the earth connection. This current canbe measured by an ammeter 12 or other current measuring device.

The second electrode structure 9 captures negative ions, which aredecelerated by the electric field between the positive upstreamelectrode 10 and the earthed downstream electrode 11. The slowednegative ions are captured by the positive upstream electrode 10,generating a current that can be measured by an ammeter 12 or othercurrent measuring device. In this way, the gas meter has, in effect, twoindependent measurement channels: positive ions at the first detectingelectrode structure 8 and negative ions at the second detectingelectrode structure 9

The distance between the downstream electrode 6 of the modulatingelectrode structure 4 and the upstream electrode 10 of the firstdetecting electrode structure 8 is 8 mm. The distance between thedownstream electrode 6 of the modulating electrode structure 4 and theupstream electrode 10 of the second detecting electrode structure 9 is70 mm. The provision of two spaced detecting electrode structures 8, 9increases the dynamic range of the gas meter. For domestic applications,the typical measurement range of gas flow requiring a defined level ofaccuracy is between 40 litres per hour and 6,000 litres per hour, whichrepresents a dynamic ratio of 150:1. According to this embodiment of theinvention, the first detecting electrode structure 8 is used todetermine low flow rates, where it is necessary to detect the modulatedion cloud before too many ions are lost from the modulated ion cloud dueto recombination and the second detecting electrode structure 9 is usedto determine high flow rates, where it is necessary to detect themodulated ion cloud before it has passed through the entire meter. Thedetected signals from both detecting electrode structures 8, 9 can beused to maximise accuracy of the meter across the entire measurementrange.

FIG. 3 shows schematically a gas meter seconding to a second embodimentof the invention. The gas meter comprises a conduit 1 for passage of agas flow, indicated by the arrow A. In this embodiment, the conduit is acylindrical tube with an internal diameter of 23 mm. An ioniser 2 isarranged in the side of the tube 1 to ionise the gas flow in theconduit. In this embodiment, the ioniser 2 is a 1 μCi Americium 241radioactive source trapped within, silver or gold foil, of the type usedin household smoke detectors. The source 2 typically has an emissionrate of 37,000 alpha particles per second with a range of 3 cm in air.The ionisation efficiency is 200,000 ion pairs per alpha particle, with50% recombination within 100 ms. The radiation source 2 ionises the gasin its immediate vicinity to form an ionisation cloud 3, which iscarried through the tube 1 by the gas flow.

A modulating electrode structure 4 is provided in the tube 1 downstreamof the radiation source 2. The modulating electrode structure 4modulates the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow, so that theionisation cloud is identifiable downstream of the modulating electrodestructure 4. In this embodiment, the modulating electrode structure 4comprises an upstream electrode 5 and a downstream electrode 6. As shownin FIG. 2, each electrode 5, 6 is in the form of a mesh (or grid) cut bya suitable method from sheet metal. The diameter of the electrodes 5, 6corresponds to the internal diameter of the tube 1 and the electrodesare arranged perpendicularly to the axis of the tube 1, and hence thedirection of gas flow. The electrodes 5, 6 have a thickness of 0.2 mmand a pitch p of 1 mm or less. The fill factor of the electrodes (areapercentage of the mesh material) is 20% or less.

In this embodiment, the spacing between the upstream modulatingelectrode 5 and the downstream modulating electrode 6 is 0.125 mm. Asshown in FIG. 3, the meshes of the upstream modulating electrode 5 andthe downstream modulating electrode 6 are aligned. In this way, theelectric field between the modulating electrodes 5, 6 has the maximumcomponent in the direction parallel to the direction of gas flow (axisof the tube 1). In this way, the electric field strength between themodulating electrodes 5, 6 can be varied by varying the spacing of theelectrodes 5, 6, without affecting the fluid flow through the conduit 1.

As indicated in FIG. 3, an alternating modulation voltage is appliedbetween the modulator electrodes 5, 6. The modulation voltage is asquare wave with amplitude of up to 10 volts and a frequency of 1 to 4hertz. The applied modulating voltage generates an electric fieldbetween the modulator electrodes 5, 6. When the upstream modulatorelectrode 5 is positive relative to the downstream modulator electrode6, the upstream modulator electrode 5 captures negative ions from theion cloud 3 end accelerates positive ions through the modulatingelectrode structure 4. In this way, the ion cloud downstream of themodulating electrode structure 4 contains predominantly positive ions.When the upstream modulator electrode 5 is negative relative to thedownstream modulator electrode 6, the upstream modulator electrode 5captures positive ions from the ion cloud 3 and accelerates negativeions through the modulating electrode structure 4. In this way, the ioncloud downstream of the modulating electrode structure 4 containspredominantly negative ions. The effect of the alternating modulatingvoltage is to generate in the gas flow downstream of the modulatingelectrode structure 4 sequential regions of positive and negative iondensity. These regions can be detected to determine the time of flightof the regions and hence the flow rate of the gas, as described below.

The gas meter of FIG. 3 comprises a first detecting electrode structure8 and a second electrode structure 9 in the tube 1 downstream of themodulating electrode structure 4 to detect the modulated iondistribution in the ionised gas flow. The second electrode structure 9is located downstream of the first detecting electrode structure 8. Inthis embodiment, the first and second detecting electrode structures 8,9, each comprise an upstream electrode 10 and a downstream electrode 11.Each electrode 10, 11 has the general form of a mesh (or grid) cut by asuitable method from sheet metal, as shown in FIG. 2. The diameter ofthe electrodes 10, 11 corresponds to the internal diameter of the tube 1and the electrodes 10, 11 are arranged perpendicularly to the axis ofthe tube 1, and hence the direction of gas flow. The electrodes 10, 11have a thickness of 0.2 mm and a pitch p of 2 mm. The fill factor of theelectrodes (area percentage of the mesh material) is 10% or less.

In this embodiment, the spacing between the upstream detector electrode10 and the downstream detector electrode 11 is 0.125 mm. As shown inFIG. 3, the meshes of the upstream detector electrode 10 and thedownstream detector electrode 11 are aligned. In this way, the relativeelectrical properties of the detector electrodes 10, 11 can be varied byvarying the spacing of the electrodes 10, 11, without affecting thefluid to through the conduit 1.

As indicated in FIG. 3, each of the detector electrodes 10, 11 isconnected to ground potential. As the sequential regions of positive andnegative ion density approach and pass the detector electrode structure8, 9, the charge within the upstream detector electrode 10 redistributesin order to maintain zero potential within the electrode 10. Thisredistribution of charge causes a current to flow between the electrode10 and ground potential. Similarly, the charge within the downstreamdetector electrode 11 redistributes in order to maintain zero potentialwithin the electrode 11. This redistribution of charge causes a currentto flow between the downstream detector electrode 11 and groundpotential. This current can be measured by an ammeter 12 or othercurrent measuring device and takes the form of an alternating signalfrom which the time of flight of the ion cloud can be determined by acomparison with modulating voltage. The downstream detector electrode 11is selected for measurement of the redistribution current, because theupstream detector electrode 10 shields the downstream detector electrode11 electromagnetically from the approaching ion distribution and thetransition between positive and negative ion distributions is thereforemore pronounced at the downstream detector electrode 11 than at theupstream detector electrode 10.

The distance between the downstream electrode 6 of the modulatingelectrode structure 4 and the upstream electrode 10 of the firstdetecting electrode structure 8 is 8 mm. The distance between thedownstream electrode 6 of the modulating electrode structure 4 and theupstream electrode 10 of the second detecting electrode structure 9 is70 mm. The provision of two spaced detecting electrode structures 8, 9increases the dynamic range of the gas meter. For domestic applications,the typical measurement range of gas flow requiring a defined level ofaccuracy is between 40 litres per hour and 6,000 litres per hour, whichrepresents a dynamic range of 150:1. According to this embodiment of theinvention, the first detecting electrode structure 8 is used todetermine low flow rates, where it is necessary to detect the modulatedion cloud before too many ions are lost from the modulated ion cloud dueto recombination and the second detecting electrode structure 9 is usedto determine high flow rates, where it is necessary to detect themodulated ion cloud before it has passed through the entire meter. Thedetected signals from both detecting electrode structures 8, 9 can beused to maximise accuracy of the meter across the entire measurementrange.

In a refinement of the embodiments described above, an upstreammodulating potential U and a downstream modulating potential D may beapplied to the corresponding upstream and downstream modulatingelectrodes 5, 6 of the modulating electrode structure to provide themodulating voltage between the electrodes 5, 6. As shown in FIG. 4, thedownstream modulating potential D may be chosen to be in anti-phase withthe upstream modulating potential U and have amplitude selected tocompensate for the far field effect of the electric field associatedwith the upstream modulating electrode 5. In other words, combinedelectromagnetic effect of the upstream and downstream modulatingelectrodes 5, 6 downstream of the modulating electrode structure 4 iscancelled out by the downstream modulating potential D. In this way, themodulating electrode structure 4 itself, as opposed to the resultant iondistribution, does not influence the signals generated by the first andsecond detecting electrode structures 8, 9.

It is possible for the gas meter to measure reverse gas flow in theconduit by providing further modulating and detecting electrodestructures on the opposite side of the ioniser to the modulatingelectrode structure and detecting electrode structure described above.The further modulating and detecting electrode structures may bearranged as the mirror image of the modulating electrode structure anddetecting electrode structure described above. However, in domesticmetering applications, it may only be necessary to detect, rather thanmeasure, reverse flow. Consequently, it may only be necessary to providean electrode structure capable of detecting the presence of ionised gasupstream of the ioniser (due to reverse flow). For example, theelectrode structure may be arranged to measure the impedance of the gasflow.

In summary, a gas meter comprises a conduit 1 for passage of a gas flowA and an ioniser 2 arranged to ionise the gas flow in the conduit 1. Amodulating electrode structure 4 downstream of the ioniser modulates theion distribution in the ionised gas flow. A first detecting electrodestructure 8 and a second electrode structure 9 downstream of themodulating electrode structure 4 detect the modulated ion distributionin the ionised gas flow. The modulating electrode structure 4 and thedetecting electrode structures 8, 9 can be configured to generate anelectrical field having at least a substantial component parallel to thedirection of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure 4 and thedetecting electrode structures 8, 9 can comprise a pair of electrodes 5,6, 10, 11, each having a plurality of apertures defined therein forpassage of the gas flow. The modulating electrode structure 4 can bearranged to capture ions of one polarity, to generate an ionised gasflow comprising a majority of ions of the opposite polarity, in whichcase the detecting electrode structure can comprise at least oneelectrode connected to a source of charge. Movement of the ionised gasflow relative to the electrode causes a redistribution of charge in theelectrode, which generates a current so indicative of the iondistribution between the electrode 11 and the charge source.

The various arrangements provide a gas meter that can operate with amodulating voltage of less than 10 volts and is therefore suitable as adomestic gas meter. This has significant advantages relative to existingmetering methods which cannot be used directly to meet the cost, powerconsumption or performance requirements for a self-contained volumetricgas meter. The typical reasons for this are:

-   -   (a) they require high voltages to bias electrodes, which uses        power and are a potential safety hazard;    -   (b) they do not have sufficient dynamic range or linearity to        meet the meteorological requirements laid dawn by national        standards bodies;    -   (c) the activity of the radioactive sources used is larger than        would be generally acceptable in a residential application;    -   (d) they are not optimised for the typical measurement bandwidth        and signal to noise ratio needed for a volumetric gas meter.

Particular embodiments of the invention allow these problems to beovercome or at least reduced.

Although the present invention has been described in relation tospecific distinct embodiments, this is not intended to be limiting onthe scope of this disclosure. Consequently, the skilled person willappreciate that features of one embodiment miry be used in combinationwith features of a separated embodiment, even where this is notexplicitly mentioned.

1-28. (canceled)
 29. A gas meter comprising: a conduit for passage of agas flow, an ioniser arranged to ionise the gas flow in the conduit, amodulating electrode structure downstream of the ioniser arranged formodulating the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow, and at least afirst detecting electrode structure downstream of the modulatingelectrode structure arranged for detecting the modulated iondistribution in the ionised gas flow, wherein the modulating electrodestructure comprises an upstream electrode and a downstream electrode,and a respective modulating potential is applied to each electrode tomodulate the ion distribution in the ionised gas flow, wherein themodulating potential applied to the downstream electrode is of anopposite polarity to the modulating potential applied to the upstreamelectrode and of a magnitude selected such that, downstream of themodulating electrode structure, the electric field due to the upstreamelectrode is cancelled by the electric field due to the downstreamelectrode.
 30. A gas meter as claimed in claim 29, wherein themodulating electrode structure is arranged to capture ions of onepolarity, whereby to generate an ionised gas flow comprising a majorityof ions of the opposite polarity.
 31. A gas meter as claimed in claim30, wherein at least the first detecting electrode structure comprisesat least one electrode connected to a source of charge, whereby movementof the ionised gas flow having a majority of ions of one polarityrelative to the at least one electrode causes a redistribution of chargein the at least one electrode, which generates a current indicative ofthe ion distribution between the at least one electrode and the chargesource.
 32. A gas meter according to claim 29, wherein the modulatingelectrode structure is configured to generate an electrical field havingat least a substantial component parallel to a direction of the gasflow.
 33. A gas meter according to claim 29, wherein at least the firstdetecting electrode structure is configured to generate an electricalfield having at least a substantial component parallel to a direction ofthe gas flow.
 34. A gas meter according to claim 29, wherein themodulating electrode structure comprises a pair of opposed substantiallyplanar electrodes arranged substantially perpendicularly to a directionof the gas flow.
 35. A gas meter according to claim 29, wherein at leastthe first detecting electrode structure comprises a pair of opposedsubstantially planar electrodes arranged substantially perpendicularlyto a direction of the gas flow.
 36. A gas meter according to claim 29,wherein the electrodes are spaced in a direction of the gas flow.
 37. Agas meter according to claim 29, wherein the electrodes each have aplurality of apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flowthrough the plurality of apertures.
 38. A gas meter according to claim29, wherein at least one of the modulating electrode structure and atleast the first detecting electrode structure comprises a pair ofelectrodes arranged transversely to a direction of gas flow and having aplurality of apertures defined therein for passage of the gas flowthrough the plurality of apertures, wherein the apertures in oneelectrode of the pair are offset in a direction transverse to thedirection of gas flow relative to the apertures in the other electrodeof the pair.
 39. A gas meter according to claim 38, wherein the offsetbetween the apertures of respective electrodes of the pair issubstantially equal to half of a spacing between adjacent apertures ofone of the electrodes.
 40. A gas meter as claimed in claim 29, whereinat least one of the electrodes is in the form of a mesh.
 41. A gas meteraccording to claim 29, further comprising a second detecting electrodestructure downstream of the first detecting electrode structure, whereineach of the first and second detecting electrode structures are arrangedfor detecting the modulated ion distribution in the ionised gas flow.42. A gas meter as claimed in claim 41, wherein the second detectingelectrode structure comprises a pair of spaced electrodes, and anelectric field is applied between the electrodes to capture ions fromthe ionised gas flow and generate a current indicative of an iondistribution in the ionised gas flow.
 43. A gas meter according to claim29, wherein a modulating voltage applied to the modulating electrodestructure is at a frequency of less than 10 Hz.
 44. A gas meteraccording to claim 29, wherein a modulating voltage applied to themodulating electrode structure is less than 10 volts alternating current(AC).
 45. A gas meter according to claim 29, wherein the ionisercomprises a radioactive source.
 46. A gas meter according to claim 29,wherein the gas meter is battery powered.